Those associated with the losing Republicans who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. Hundreds of thousands of Spaniards fled to refugee camps in southern France.
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Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. On 5 March 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado led a military coup against the Republican government.
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Following the fall without resistance of Barcelona in January 1939, the Francoist regime was recognised by France and the United Kingdom in February 1939. After much of Catalonia was captured in 19, and Madrid cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They fought mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades, which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes. Despite this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government but followed an official policy of non-intervention. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, while the Republican side received support from the Soviet Union and Mexico. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country. This left Spain militarily and politically divided. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities-such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga-did not gain control, and those cities remained under the control of the government. The coup was supported by military units in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Zaragoza, Valladolid, Cádiz, Córdoba, and Seville. After the deaths of Sanjurjo, Emilio Mola and Manuel Goded Llopis, Franco emerged as the remaining leader of the Nationalist side. The Nationalist group was supported by a number of conservative groups, including CEDA, monarchists, including both the opposing Alfonsists and the religious conservative Carlists, and the Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist political party. The government at the time was a coalition of Republicans, supported in the Cortes by communist and socialist parties, under the leadership of centre-left President Manuel Azaña. The war began after a pronunciamiento (a declaration of military opposition, of revolt) against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, with General Emilio Mola as the primary planner and leader and having General José Sanjurjo as a figurehead. The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975. ambassador to Spain during the war, it was the " dress rehearsal" for World War II. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism. The Popular Front fought against an insurrection by the Nationalists, an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives and traditionalists, led by a military junta among whom General Francisco Franco quickly achieved a preponderant role. Many anarchists who would later fight alongside Popular Front forces during the Spanish Civil War did not support them in the election, urging abstention instead. This pact was supported by Galician ( PG) and Catalan nationalists ( ERC), the POUM, socialist union Workers' General Union (UGT), and the anarchist trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). The Popular Front was constituted by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Communist Party of Spain (PCE), and the republicans – Republican Left (IR) (led by Azaña) and Republican Union (UR) (led by Diego Martínez Barrio). Republicans were loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic. The Spanish Civil War ( Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations Apr.–Aug.Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War Mar.–Apr.Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine Mar.German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar.Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War Sep.Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935.
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Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935.German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 1934.Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza.